Pole arm

Pole arm was a term for an expansive variety of weaponry that all shared a common trait &mdash; the main fighting part of each weapon was mounted on either a short handle or a long shaft that would be wielded with two hands.

Description
Pole arms varied widely in appearance. Their shafts were typically made of either some form of wood or metal. Some had special attachments to topple mounted targets.

Weaponology
Pole arms were relatively easy to wield and granted their users a longer reach, keeping them out of range from melee weaponry with a shorter reach, such as most swords. In large groups or armies, pole arms allowed their wielders to attack over the shoulders of the foremost or "first rank" attackers. And enabled the commanders of military units to contribute to the fighting while leading from behind.

When being charged at, pole arms wielding troops would line up in the front row, stand sideways, and set their pole arm at an upward angle facing the enemy while holding it with both hands. This tactic was known by some as a "wall of polearms." One could "sweep" their enemies, striking all within reach, by whirling their polearm around.

Some fighters trained to become specialists in pole arms, becoming what was known as a polearm master or a longarm marshal.

Availability
Generally speaking, pole arms were easy to manufacture. Places in the Realms where one could purchase different varieties of pole arms included:
 * Major Cargunn's Military and Equipment Shoppe
 * Tatha's Broomworks

History
In ancient Netheril, most varieties of pole-arms came into use around 2312 NY (−1547 DR), with glaives preceding them and halberds coming later. The lance was never employed in that magic-rich empire, as the stirrup never came into use there. Surrounding cultures, however, knew of the lance since ca. 1300 NY (−2559 DR).

Pole Arms in the Realms
A wide variety of the weapons that could be found throughout the Realms were grouped together under the classification of pole arms:

Poleaxe Family
Poleaxe was a term for any pole arm that had a pole mounted with any combination of axehead, beak, or hammer.

Spear Family
Spears were one of the earliest types of pole arms, mounted with heads that one could describe as being similar to a dagger. They were primarily used for thrusting, but could also be thrown. Experimentation with different spear heads over time lead to the development of many subtypes or "specialized spears" that had secondary capabilities. Though it should be noted that not all pole arms with spearheads were considered to be a type of spear, only those whose primary function was thrusting.
 * Javelin: A very versatile, light spear. Good for unleashing loose volleys upon an enemy force.
 * Lance: Spears with long shafts that were designed for use by cavalry, though there were some lighter varieties that could be wielded effectively by people on foot.
 * Partisan: A more defensive form of spear. Their heads were doubled-edged, with two diagonally-set flukes at the base.
 * Pike: also known as an awl pike, were infantry spears with leaf-shaped heads and shafts that typically measured in length. They were designed to do thrusting damage at relatively long range and keep opponents from closing the distance.
 * Ranseur: Spears similar to partisans, though less sturdy than them. They had three-pronged heads due to longer flukes. Their secondary blades were set further back from the central blade, backward-hooking, and were shaped and angled to deflect or better yet trap an enemy's weapon. The large central blade was indented at the base to facilitate entangling.
 * Spetum: Spears similar to ranseurs, though sometimes their side blades angled backwards. Their secondary capability was deflecting attacks, as well as catching and holding foes at a distance.

Miscellaneous

 * Fauchard: a scythe that had been properly developed for the purposes of combat and warfare, rather than agricultural use.
 * Voulge: sometimes known as a lochaber axe, were long stout staffs mounted with large heavy cleaving blades that narrowed to a spike at their top and had a hook-shaped fluke at their rear. They were used for the purpose of cleaving through armor, with their tips used for piercing.

Partisan
The partisan takes the basic spear, usually with an ox tongue blade, and adds two small axe heads with pointed tips below the dagger blade. This increases the defensive ability of the weapon and adds the cutting and penetrating potential of the axes. Later versions of this weapon saw a gradual change in the axe blades until they became almost unrecognizable. An example of this is the Bohemian earspoon where the axes have been changed to spikes for piercing plate armor.

Axes
Axes set on poles are not exclusive to this family of pole arms, but for purposes of this classification scheme the only true members are the pole axe, the halberd, and the bardiche. Axe heads have two basic versions, broad and narrow. Narrow blades are often made thicker to adjust the weight for more damage. An argument can be made to include the cleaver-type pole arms but they are given their own category in this system.

Pole axe
In essence, a pole axe typically features a smaller axe head of any type set on a shaft that was generally around the same length as the user. This included the usual variances like hammers, spikes, bec de corbin -like protusions on the back, or indeed replacing the axe head. Usually combined with a stiff square point or small spearhead on top, and a reinforced metal point on the other end of the stave.

A knightly weapon meant for armored combat on foot, combining versatility, offense and defense.

The main features differentiating a pole axe from a halberd are length ( ca. man height vs 2.2-2.4m ), head construction with the halberd being one piece, and the pole axe being constructed out of 2 pieces ( with the spike and langets being one piece and the axe/rear hammer being the 2nd piece). Though the latter is not a rock solid rule.

Halberd
The halberd uses a concave, broad axe head set at an angle which makes it distinct from the pole axe. The salient angle of the head is for better contact with the target. Halberds also have a fairly long spear point on top and a spike on the back which is angled slightly downward. These weapons are often 8 feet (2.4 meters) long not including the spear point.

Bardiche
The bardiche is a broad, heavy axe that represents a transition stage between a pole axe and a pole cleaver. The head of the bardiche can be about 2 feet to over 3 feet (60 cm to 1 meter) long attached to the haft by a ring. The heel of the blade is also attached to the haft to prevent swiveling and the toe of the blade is extended upward and comes to a knife point. Bardiches are heavy and cumbersome weapons but can inflict great damage. Because of the weight, the haft is considerably shorter than that of a halberd.

Glaive


What else is there to put on the end of a stick? How about single-edged knives. The glaive is a knife-bladed spear which can be thrust at an opponent with the tip or slashed to attempt to cut the enemy. This weapon evolved quickly toward pole cleaver status as the blade was enlarged to give it a bigger cutting edge and more weight for cleaving. As with the spear and fauchard, it is not very effective holding opponents at bay or forcing them off their mounts. The glaive has gone the way of the fauchard and is most often seen in combination weapons.

Guisarme


Pruning hooks join the list of farm implements turned into pole arms in the guisarme. A guisarme is similar to a glaive in that it has a sharp cutting edge along its convex side up to the point of the hook. While the hook was proficient at pulling riders off their mounts, this weapon has no spear point for thrusting and only the back-pointing hook for piercing. Later versions added a back spike which gave the guisarme another sharp point for sideways swinging and minor defensive capability. Like the fauchard and the glaive, the guisarme was soon combined with other forms to make the next generation of pole arms. This class includes most couteaux de breche although some are considered glaive-guisarmes in this classification system.

Bill Hook
The English bill hook is almost exactly the same as the French guisarme except the concave edge (inside the hook) is the cutting edge and the back spike is typically L-shaped pointing forward. This arrangement was a slight improvement over the guisarme.

Military Fork
Finally the hay fork was hammered straight and strengthened into the military fork. A military fork usually has only two tines but some have a shorter third tine in the crotch of the fork to prevent a body part from safely going between the two main piercers. This pole arm is efficient at holding enemies at bay but lacks the penetrating power of a spear. Once again it has been combined with other styles to make an improved weapon.

Special Cases
There are a few weapon designs that are not true pole arms but due to their size they are sometimes considered to be in the general class.

The threshing flail is a wooden handle with another piece of wood attached by a swivel or short length of chain and was easily modified into a weapon of war. The handle became a heavy shaft 3 to 4 feet (0.9 to 1.3 meters) long and the threshing wood piece replaced by one or two rods of wood or iron covered in short spikes. The overall length was more than 5 feet (1.5 meters) and was devastating when wielded by a strong person. Mounted soldiers often used short-handled flails with one or more chains ending in smooth or spiked iron balls.

The other special borderline case is the morning star (also called the holy water sprinkler or godentag in the Low Countries). A morning star is an extrapolation of the lowly club, typically a heavy wooden haft from 3 to 5 feet (0.9 to 1.5 meters) or more in length. The business end has a cylinder, barrel, or truncated cone of wood attached, which is then bound with metal straps and set with vicious metal spikes. The longer varieties included a spear point at the top and so fit the definition of a pole arm. The morning star was easy to make and a favorite with the peasants.

The next two pole arms are probably not based on farm implements but rather developed specifically for warfare.

Lucern hammer
Very similar to the halberd but instead of an axe head the Lucern hammer has a smaller hammer-like head with three prongs. The awl spike on the top is generally longer than that of the halberd. This pole arm has now been almost completely replaced by the halberd.

Bec de corbin
The bec de corbin was developed late in the Middle Ages and used into the Renaissance by knights and nobles, not common infantry men. It looks similar enough to the Lucern hammer that it could be mistaken for one, but it has major functional differences. The heavy crow's-beak blade could puncture the plate armor worn by upper-class warriors. The spear tip is much shorter and broader than the awl spike on the Lucern hammer, and the back side of the blade had either a flat hammer head or a clawed head somewhat similar to the Lucern hammer. All in all a more specialized weapon for a higher class fighter.

Combinations
These pole arms were created to improve on the simpler designs, either to mitigate weaknesses or enhance the strengths of those early weapons. In this classification system, it takes more than just adding a spear tip to an existing weapon to make a "combination weapon", a technique so simple it was widely used. A partisan could be considered an exception, with its small axe blades, but since its primary mode of use is thrusting it has been placed in the spear family.

Fauchard-fork
There are two main modifications to the fauchard that create the fauchard-fork. The first adds a single, forward projecting spike to the back of the scythe blade. The second moved the cutting edge from the concave side to the convex side (facing the opponent), curving the blade more like a sickle, and adding a spike to the pole, and sometimes another spike was added to the forward cutting edge.

Fauchard-guisarme
Attaching a heavy hook to the back of the scythe blade of the fauchard created the fauchard-guisarme which could pull riders off their mounts.

Glaive-guisarme
In similar fashion, a hook was added to the heavy bladed glaive for dismounting opponents. Variations include a double hook, one facing forward and one backward, perhaps to trap weapons or to push a rider unlucky enough to be caught by this weapon.

Guisarme-voulge
This weapon is similar to the Lochaber axe but with the hook formed from the blade of the voulge, not added separately. A pointed tip on the blade or a spike on the shaft made this weapon fairly versatile.

Bill-guisarme
There are many different designs of the bill-guisarme but each has the following set of features: The scorpion is one typical example of the bill-guisarme. Some bill-guisarmes are nearly in the voulge category due to a sufficiently heavy blade and the positioning of the cutting edges. This pole arm, along with the halberd and the pike, saw the most use during the Middle Ages because it was versatile and efficient in all its functions.
 * 1) a sharp spear or awl spike
 * 2) a large hook formed from the body of the weapon
 * 3) a back spike, used for armor puncturing
 * 4) several sharpened edges