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Afterlife

Edit

Where did a mortal go upon death? This article describes the beliefs about the afterlife held by the inhabitants of the Forgotten Realms.

“
Life is a witch, and then you die.
”
— Zaranda Star[1]

What Is a Soul?[]

The soul was the lifeforce of a mortal,[2][3] the part that gave essence and a separate existence to a creature.[2] In some religions, this lifeforce was variably termed a "spirit", and the two terms were synonymous.[4][note 1] In the Mulhorandi faith, this lifeforce was termed two separate spirits, ba and ka.[5] The people of Sokkar referred to this lifeforce as ka.[6] And dragons called their lifeforce an anima.[4]

When a mortal died, its soul and body were separated, and the soul automatically began a journey to the afterlife.[2][4][7][8] In the Mulhorandi faith, the ba spirit was said to remain within a mortal's body when they died, while the ka moved on to be judged by Osiris.[5]

In contrast, the case was different for some other kinds of creatures that did not have such a dual nature. For example, some creatures, usually from other planes of existence and sometimes referred to as outsiders, did not have a dual nature. An outsider's soul and body formed a single spiritual existence, tied fundamentally to the essence of its plane. If an outsider died, no soul left the body.[8] Instead, its essence merged with the plane.[9] Moreover, when such an entity traveled to another plane, it remained anchored to its original plane with a mystical silver cord. If the visitor to another plane was killed on that other plane, the silver cord would pull the essence of the creature back, where it would reform into the creature it once was given enough time.[2]

Most plants, oozes, and vermin were not sufficiently sentient and thus did not have souls. Undead and constructs did not usually have souls either, though the creatures from which they were constructed might have.[9]

The Journey from Life to Death[]

2e Hama

In Zakhara, a departing soul was often depicted in the form of a bird, called a hama.

As earlier stated, when en-souled mortals on the Prime Material Plane died under normal circumstances, their souls departed their bodies.[2] They were then pulled to the Fugue Plane.[10][11][12][13] The journey was not instantaneous, although it would seem that way to the soul itself.[2] Some argued that the journey could take as long as three days to even a month of time on the Prime.[2]

In the land of Zakhara, the departing soul was called a hama and it often took the spectral form of a bird.[14]

In the teachings of some draconic religions of Faerûn, the dragon soul, the anima did not immediately depart for the afterlife; instead, it was bound to the corpse of the dragon until the mortal body of that dragon had completely decayed, freeing the anima for its journey. (In such holy myths, the anima could continue to observe the mortal world but could not interact with it in any other way.)[4]

In some cosmologies, departed souls had to first progress through the Astral Plane.[2][7] In other cosmologies, the souls were believed to first pass through the Shadowfell on the way to the Fugue.[12][15]

Lost Souls[]

Shadowfell

After the Spellplague, souls had to pass through the desolate landscape of the Shadowfell to reach the Fugue Plane.

Some souls, for a variety of reasons, never made it to the Fugue Plane.[12][15] Some became trapped in the Border Ethereal[16] or the Shadowfell as ghosts or other incorporeal undead,[12][15] visible by other creatures on the Material Plane if the spirit so chose.[16]

A number of other extreme factors could also prevent a soul from traveling safely to the Fugue Plane, resulting in other forms of undead. For example, a very small percentage of individuals suffering an exceptionally violent murder might result in the creation of a revenant.[17][18][19][20][21] A revenant's soul was unable to reach the Fugue Plane until it had obtained revenge for its death or until a certain time limit had passed.[19][20][21] In the lands of Zakhara, it was reported that a soul, a hama, could be trapped and tethered to the Material in the form of a bird. Such a hama, interestingly enough, somehow remained free of any connection to the Negative Energy Plane and thus was not properly considered a form of undead.[14]

It was also possible to trap a soul in various magical items. For example, a ghost lantern utilized an entrapped spirit to generate light and grant the bearer a limited number of supernatural powers.[22] The greatsword Chalsembyr's Heart entrapped the soul of its wielder—if the wielder was a noble paladin who died while bearing the weapon—and freed the previous soul trapped in the blade. The new soul acted as a guide to the next paladin who bore the weapon in the quest to find the legendary city of Chalsembyr.[23]

The Fugue Plane[]

Once arriving on the Fugue Plane, a soul resided in waiting,[11][12][13] wandering about aimlessly, unaware that it had even died, until retrieved by a representative of one of the powers.[11][13][24] When—after a time that on Toril would usually correspond to between a day and over a tenday—such a representative arrived, the soul would always recognize this outsider[11] and would then accompany the being to its final plane of existence to live out the rest of eternity.[11][12] It was impossible to trick or convince a soul into following a divine messenger to the wrong god or goddess' realm.[11]

However, sometimes, if a soul had not been very faithful, it might take centuries for the representative to come.[24] Some souls were said to fade out of existence if a representative never arrived.[12] Others were eventually judged by the lord of the dead.[24]

Bargains & Raids[]

There was one exception to the rule that it was impossible to convince a soul into following the wrong divine messenger. The baatezu had an agreement that allowed them one final chance to bargain with souls.[11] The baatezu were forbidden to injure or deceive the waiting souls in any way;[11] however, they were permitted to offer them bargains to reject the patron that they worshiped in life in exchange for special benefits in the Nine Hells.[11][24]

What the baatezu really wanted was more souls with which to create lemures, a form of devil from which more powerful kinds developed, thus building the power of their devilish armies. Most souls would refuse such an offer, of course, but if a soul had lived an evil life, sometimes the chance to avoid punishment in the afterlife of their deity or to skip a step or two in the hierarchy of the Hells was appealing. Or perhaps the idea of service to the Lords of the Nine seemed better than obeying one's original chosen deity. The most powerful of mortals were sometimes even offered a chance for early promotions to higher forms of baatezu or the promise of some task or gift to be performed or given on the Material Plane in their behalf—for example, money to surviving relatives or a fiendish act of revenge on enemies.[11][25]

Souls were a valuable commodity to demons as well, who used them to create the lowest forms of their own kind, the manes.[26][27] The tanar'ri of the Abyss used a different method to acquire them—they stole them in periodic raids upon the Fugue Plane.[11]

The Role of the Gods[]

Kelemvor

Kelemvor retrieves the soul of a slain warrior.

There had been several gods of the dead, including Jergal,[28][29] Myrkul,[30][31] Cyric,[31][32][33] and then Kelemvor,[11][33][34] who held sway over this primarily transitory plane.[11]

Among the Mulan, Osiris was held to be the god of the dead, the one responsible for dealing out their judgment in the afterlife.[35] How he worked with Kelemvor in this is unclear, but the two were said to be allies.[36]

Within the Kara-Turan pantheon, Yen-Wang-Yeh,[37] the Immortal Fa Kuan, and the Lords of Karma were responsible for a bureaucratic procedure where all spirits of the dead were assigned the destination for an afterlife based on their deeds in life.[38][39]

These gods were those worshiped primarily by human followers. What of other races? Most races had their own gods or goddesses of the dead, and each had a special role in guiding the souls of the dead of that race.[speculation]

For example, all dead halflings first had to pass through the realm of Urogalan before reaching their final resting places.[40] The elves of some worlds believed that Naralis Analor, servant of Sehanine Moonbow, was the one who escorted souls from life to death.[41]

The dragon god Null was responsible for shepherding dragon souls to their final destination.[42][43] Dragons prayed to Null, asking him to speed the process.[42] Some draconic myths about the afterlife held that the animae of dragons were not judged by Kelemvor or his predecessors on the Fugue Plane, instead being judged by Bahamut—if good—or Tiamat—if evil—on the planes of Mount Celestia or Baator, respectively. On occasion, rather than sending on the anima of an exceptional dragon to become a petitioner, these rulers of the draconic pantheon would keep it for their own personal use, to act as a special representative or personal guardian.[4]

Three Kinds of Mortal Souls[]

Petitioners[]

The majority of souls who died from the lands of Faerûn had dedicated their lives to particular power, their patron deity. When these souls were taken by the representative to their deity's divine realm, they were transformed into petitioners.[44]

Ogre Petitioner

A chaotic evil ogre petitioner.

What happened to a petitioner upon arriving at its final destination varied wildly by which deity that petitioner served. A good number of petitioners appeared much as they did in life, but by no means all.[9] Petitioners of some divine realms took on traits of that realm, such as those of the House of Nature and the Plane of Shadow gaining animalistic or shadowy features, respectively.[45] Petitioners who arrived in the Demonweb Pits lived lives as slaves and appeared similar to drow.[46] In similar manner, most petitioners of Arvandor, Dwarfhome, the Golden Hills, and Green Fields appeared as elves, dwarves, gnomes, or halflings, respectively, even if they were not those races in mortal life.[47]

Those souls who ended up in the realm of one of the Gods of Fury sometimes took on elemental forms or the forms of wild animals.[48]

Souls arriving in the plane of Limbo were not allowed to manifest in a form but rather were absorbed into the chaos of the plane.[49]

As mentioned earlier, souls stolen by demons became manes and lost all memories of their earlier lives. Manes often did not survive long, but if they managed to persist for many years, they could advance into a more powerful form of demon.[27]

Lemure-5e

A soul transformed into a lemure in the Nine Hells.

Souls who accepted a bargain with the baatezu most often became mindless lemures in the Nine Hells,[50][51] but these could be promoted into higher forms of devil.[52] Less sufficiently evil souls were believed to sometimes be made into nupperibos instead.[53]

Most former worshipers of Bane, Beshaba, Hoar, Loviatar, and Talona became soul larva.[54] Soul larva served as little more than a currency for the Fiendish planes,[55][56] as they could be transformed into other lower fiends or simply consumed for power.[54] Petitioners whose journey ended in the Blood Rift had the same fate.[54]

HLTarchons

The souls of some noble persons became archons.

Petitioners of Mount Celestia[57] and many within the House of the Triad became lantern archons.[58] Over time, they were promoted into higher forms of archons, namely, hound archons.[59]

The Faithless[]

The Faithless were those souls who had never chosen to follow a patron deity or never believed in the gods at all.[10][11] As such, they would never have a representative sent to retrieve them.[11] Instead, it was mandated that they should enter the City of Judgment to be judged by the god of the dead.[10][11][13] Some believed that the judgment was the same for all Faithless;[11] they became a part of the wall that surrounded the city.[10][11][13] Sometimes, the souls were stolen from the wall in tanar'ri raids,[11] but given enough time, a soul would dissolve into non-existence.[10][11][13]

The False[]

The False were those who failed to serve their chosen patrons or who had betrayed the commitments to their prior faith. Such souls were also judged by Kelemvor, who assigned them a task in the City of Judgment for the rest of their existence,[10][11] such as the guiding of lost souls.[13] The most wicked and unfaithful among the false were actively punished.[10][11] The majority of the citizens of the City were in fact among the False.[11] The most evil of souls were sometimes transformed into larva and cast out.[13]

Life After Death[]

What a soul did after death also varied based on destination. For example, some souls might live in pure, unadulterated bliss, with all of their needs ever met.[9][60] Others might suffer in anguish, slaving away in perpetual punishment for the sins of their mortals lives.[9] Still others might engage in epic, never-ending warfare, in a cycle of death in combat followed by rebirth the next morning.[9]

In realms where Corellon and the rest of the Seldarine had sway - such as Toril, elves retained their full individuality, memories, identity and sense of self in afterlife even if their bodies did change.[61]

The animae of dragon petitioners acted as messengers and servants for the powers that they worshiped.[4]

Advancement[]

Petitioners were not static. In some cases, overtime, they changed into new forms. On other planes, they eventually merged with their patron deity or into the essence of the plane itself.[62]

For example, especially good and noble petitioners were sometimes transformed by the will of their deities into agathinon, the lowest type of angel, forming new bodies for them.[63] Other spiritual entities, such as couatl and ki-rin, were also supposed to have started their existences as mortal souls.[2]

Reincarnation[]

Not all souls remained in the afterlife forever. Some elves believed that Sehanine Moonbow worked with Corellon to guide elven souls back to the Material Plane to be reincarnated in a cycle that eventually led to perfection.[64]

All dragons also believed in reincarnation. Their traditions of the afterlife taught that the anima of a dragon remained on the plane of its deity for a time equal to its mortal life. During that time, its memories and personality slowly faded, one day's worth of memories per day lived in the afterlife, in the opposite order in which the living dragon had gained them. When completely stripped bare of the memories of its worldly experiences, the dragon's anima was reincarnated on the mortal plane as soon as a new mortal body became available. Because the draconic population in the Realms had decreased over the millennia, however, there was a large "waiting list" of animae ready to be born. These "pure" animae resembled perfectly formed dragons of their species, except that they were trapped in the current moment, unable to form new memories or recall old ones.[4]

Devas were a type of aasimar whose souls were also perpetually reincarnated on the mortal plane.[65]

Resurrection[]

Resurrection spell

A cleric restoring his friend to life.

Resurrection was the process of using magic to recall a departed soul from the afterlife and restore it to its original body.[7] It was easier to raise someone more recently deceased from the dead than it was to resurrect someone long dead, because in the former case, the soul might not have reached its final destination, whereas in the latter case, the soul would have to be recalled from the realm of a specific deity. For this reason, it was often risky to attempt to resurrect an individual of an opposing alignment; it might anger either the cleric's or the dead creature's deity![2]

Once a member of the the Faithless or the False had been judged by Kelemvor, it was impossible for that soul to be resurrected on the Material Plane by magical spells unless one of the other deities chose to directly intervene. Such a deity would most likely have to negotiate with the Lord of the Dead.[11]

Not only did the petitioner's god or goddess have to approve of the return to life, so did the soul itself. A departed soul always knew the name, moral outlook, and even the chosen deity of the one attempting to call it back to the mortal realm, and the soul could simply refuse to make the journey back to the living.[7]

That journey back from the Outer Planes to the Material Plane and the conversion from a petitioner back into a mortal being was a harsh one for a soul, and most such processes resulted in a loss of memories, skills, and abilities on the part of the one brought back.[7]

The role of memory both before and after death was a tricky one, with conflicting views and opinions among sages.[speculation] It was said that a soul that was returned to life after living part of its existence as a petitioner forgot all memories of that experience in the afterlife.[4][9] Because the animae of dragons lost memories of their mortal lives in reverse order during their existence as petitioners, a resurrected dragon would always have amnesia of its mortal life, and the severity of this loss of memory was directly proportional to the time that it had been dead. In fact, not only was the mind of the dragon affected but also the physical body. If dead for long enough, the resurrected dragon would only have the inherent magical powers of a younger dragon of its kind![4]

Alternate Views of the Afterlife[]

The illithids did not believe that they would travel to an Outer Plane when they died. Instead, they hoped for their minds to be merged with an elder brain to obtain immortality of thought.[66] It was not clear what happened to the mind flayers' minds or souls if the elder brain were to be slain.

In other crystal spheres, the rules of death were different. For example, in some cosmologies, the souls of the dead were said to travel through the divine realm of the Raven Queen in the Shadowfell, before reaching their final destinations.[67]

Appendix[]

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Notes[]

  1. ↑ In 1st-edition D&D, according to Deities & Demigods, there was a distinction between the terms "soul" and "spirit". Simply put, souls could be resurrected and spirits could not. Spirits, rather, were reincarnated. Interestingly, humans, dwarves, gnomes, halflings, and half-elves had souls, while elves, orcs, and half-orcs had spirits. This distinction seems to have not been followed in later editions.

Further Reading[]

References[]

  1. ↑ Victor Milán (October 1995). War in Tethyr. (TSR, Inc), p. 100. ISBN 0-7869-0184-5.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 James Ward, Robert J. Kuntz (August 1980). Deities & Demigods. Edited by Lawrence Schick. (TSR, Inc.), pp. 10–11. ISBN 0-935696-22-9.
  3. ↑ Monte Cook (October 2002). Book of Vile Darkness. Edited by David Noonan, Penny Williams. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 33. ISBN 0-7869-3136-1.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Nigel Findley, et al. (October 1990). Draconomicon. Edited by Mike Breault. (TSR, Inc.), pp. 84–85. ISBN 0-8803-8876-5.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Eric L. Boyd (September 1997). Powers & Pantheons. Edited by Julia Martin. (TSR, Inc.), p. 120. ISBN 978-0786906574.
  6. ↑ Steve Kurtz (1994). Al-Qadim: Cities of Bone: Campaign Guide. (TSR, Inc), p. 9. ISBN 1-56076-847.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Jonathan Tweet, Monte Cook, Skip Williams (July 2003). Player's Handbook v.3.5. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 171. ISBN 0-7869-2886-7.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Skip Williams, Jonathan Tweet, Monte Cook (July 2003). Monster Manual v.3.5. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 313. ISBN 0-7869-2893-X.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 Jeff Grubb, Bruce R. Cordell, David Noonan (September 2001). Manual of the Planes 3rd edition. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 199. ISBN 0-7869-1850-8.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Julia Martin, Eric L. Boyd (March 1996). Faiths & Avatars. (TSR, Inc.), pp. 2–3. ISBN 978-0786903849.
  11. ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 11.17 11.18 11.19 11.20 11.21 11.22 11.23 Ed Greenwood, Sean K. Reynolds, Skip Williams, Rob Heinsoo (June 2001). Forgotten Realms Campaign Setting 3rd edition. (Wizards of the Coast), pp. 258–259. ISBN 0-7869-1836-5.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Bruce R. Cordell, Ed Greenwood, Chris Sims (August 2008). Forgotten Realms Campaign Guide. Edited by Jennifer Clarke Wilkes, et al. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 65. ISBN 978-0-7869-4924-3.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 Steve Kenson, et al. (November 2015). Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide. Edited by Kim Mohan. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 20. ISBN 978-0-7869-6580-9.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Wolfgang Baur, Steve Kurtz (1992). Monstrous Compendium Al-Qadim Appendix. (TSR, Inc). ISBN l-56076-370-1.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Bruce R. Cordell, Ed Greenwood, Chris Sims (August 2008). Forgotten Realms Campaign Guide. Edited by Jennifer Clarke Wilkes, et al. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 69. ISBN 978-0-7869-4924-3.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Bruce R. Cordell (1998). A Guide to the Ethereal Plane. Edited by Michele Carter, Keith Francis Strohm. (TSR, Inc.), p. 64. ISBN 0-7869-1205-7.
  17. ↑ Don Turnbull (1981). Fiend Folio. (TSR Hobbies), pp. 75–76. ISBN 0-9356-9621-0.
  18. ↑ David Cook, Steve Winter, and Jon Pickens (1989). Monstrous Compendium Volume Three Forgotten Realms Appendix (MC3). (TSR, Inc). ISBN 0-88038-769-6.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 James Wyatt, Rob Heinsoo (February 2001). Monster Compendium: Monsters of Faerûn. Edited by Duane Maxwell. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 93. ISBN 0-7869-1832-2.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 James Wyatt (September 2002). City of the Spider Queen. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 127. ISBN 0-7869-1212-X.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Mike Mearls, Jeremy Crawford, Christopher Perkins (2014-09-30). Monster Manual 5th edition. Edited by Scott Fitzgerald Gray. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 259. ISBN 978-0786965614.
  22. ↑ Christopher Perkins, Will Doyle, Steve Winter (September 19, 2017). Tomb of Annihilation. Edited by Michele Carter, Scott Fitzgerald Gray. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 206. ISBN 978-0-7869-6610-3.
  23. ↑ Thomas M. Reid, Sean K. Reynolds (Nov. 2005). Champions of Valor. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 61–62. ISBN 0-7869-3697-5.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Steve Kenson, et al. (November 2015). Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide. Edited by Kim Mohan. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 25. ISBN 978-0-7869-6580-9.
  25. ↑ Robin D. Laws, Robert J. Schwalb (December 2006). Fiendish Codex II: Tyrants of the Nine Hells. Edited by Chris Thomasson, Gary Sarli, Penny Williams. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 9. ISBN 978-0-7869-3940-4.
  26. ↑ Gary Gygax (December 1977). Monster Manual, 1st edition. (TSR, Inc), p. 17. ISBN 0-935696-00-8.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Richard Baker, James Wyatt (March 2004). Player's Guide to Faerûn. (Wizards of the Coast), pp. 142–143. ISBN 0-7869-3134-5.
  28. ↑ slade, Jim Butler (October 1996). “The Winds of Netheril”. In Jim Butler ed. Netheril: Empire of Magic (TSR, Inc.), p. 40. ISBN 0-7869-0437-2.
  29. ↑ Eric L. Boyd (September 1997). Powers & Pantheons. Edited by Julia Martin. (TSR, Inc.), p. 32. ISBN 978-0786906574.
  30. ↑ Ed Greenwood, Jeff Grubb (August 1987). “Cyclopedia of the Realms”. In Karen S. Martin ed. Forgotten Realms Campaign Set (TSR, Inc.), p. 13. ISBN 0-88038-472-7.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Julia Martin, Eric L. Boyd (March 1996). Faiths & Avatars. (TSR, Inc.), p. 124. ISBN 978-0786903849.
  32. ↑ Jeff Grubb and Ed Greenwood (1990). Forgotten Realms Adventures. (TSR, Inc), p. 17. ISBN 0-8803-8828-5.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Julia Martin, Eric L. Boyd (March 1996). Faiths & Avatars. (TSR, Inc.), p. 51. ISBN 978-0786903849.
  34. ↑ Julia Martin, Eric L. Boyd (March 1996). Faiths & Avatars. (TSR, Inc.), pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-0786903849.
  35. ↑ Eric L. Boyd (September 1997). Powers & Pantheons. Edited by Julia Martin. (TSR, Inc.), pp. 120–121. ISBN 978-0786906574.
  36. ↑ Eric L. Boyd, Erik Mona (May 2002). Faiths and Pantheons. Edited by Gwendolyn F.M. Kestrel, et al. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 146. ISBN 0-7869-2759-3.
  37. ↑ Kate Novak, Jeff Grubb (July 1997). Finder's Bane. (TSR, Inc.). ISBN 0-7869-0658-8.
  38. ↑ Mike Pondsmith, Jay Batista, Rick Swan, John Nephew, Deborah Christian (1988). Kara-Tur: The Eastern Realms (Volume I). (TSR, Inc), pp. 24–26. ISBN 0-88038-608-8.
  39. ↑ Curtis Smith, Rick Swan (May 1990). Ronin Challenge. Edited by Jon Pickens, Steve Winter. (TSR, Inc.), pp. 68–69. ISBN 0-88038-749-1.
  40. ↑ Richard Baker, James Wyatt (March 2004). Player's Guide to Faerûn. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 156. ISBN 0-7869-3134-5.
  41. ↑ Chris Perry (December 1996). “The Seldarine Revisited”. In Pierce Watters ed. Dragon #236 (TSR, Inc.), p. 15.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Nigel Findley, et al. (October 1990). Draconomicon. Edited by Mike Breault. (TSR, Inc.), p. 27. ISBN 0-8803-8876-5.
  43. ↑ Dale Donovan (January 1998). Cult of the Dragon. Edited by Julia Martin. (TSR, Inc.), p. 121. ISBN 0-7869-0709-6.
  44. ↑ Ed Greenwood, Sean K. Reynolds, Skip Williams, Rob Heinsoo (June 2001). Forgotten Realms Campaign Setting 3rd edition. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 232. ISBN 0-7869-1836-5.
  45. ↑ Richard Baker, James Wyatt (March 2004). Player's Guide to Faerûn. (Wizards of the Coast), pp. 158–163. ISBN 0-7869-3134-5.
  46. ↑ Richard Baker, James Wyatt (March 2004). Player's Guide to Faerûn. (Wizards of the Coast), pp. 149–150. ISBN 0-7869-3134-5.
  47. ↑ Richard Baker, James Wyatt (March 2004). Player's Guide to Faerûn. (Wizards of the Coast), pp. 143, 151, 155. ISBN 0-7869-3134-5.
  48. ↑ Richard Baker, James Wyatt (March 2004). Player's Guide to Faerûn. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 153. ISBN 0-7869-3134-5.
  49. ↑ Jeff Grubb (July 1987). Manual of the Planes 1st edition. (TSR), p. 99. ISBN 0880383992.
  50. ↑ Gary Gygax (December 1977). Monster Manual, 1st edition. (TSR, Inc), p. 23. ISBN 0-935696-00-8.
  51. ↑ Richard Baker, James Wyatt (March 2004). Player's Guide to Faerûn. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 161. ISBN 0-7869-3134-5.
  52. ↑ Chris Pramas (November 1999). Guide to Hell. Edited by Kim Mohan. (TSR, Inc.), pp. 46, 59. ISBN 978-0786914319.
  53. ↑ Gary Gygax (August 1983). Monster Manual II 1st edition. (TSR, Inc), p. 49. ISBN 0-88038-031-4.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 Richard Baker, James Wyatt (March 2004). Player's Guide to Faerûn. (Wizards of the Coast), pp. 159–160. ISBN 0-7869-3134-5.
  55. ↑ Gary Gygax (December 1977). Monster Manual, 1st edition. (TSR, Inc), p. 59. ISBN 0-935696-00-8.
  56. ↑ Jeff Grubb (July 1987). Manual of the Planes 1st edition. (TSR), p. 106. ISBN 0880383992.
  57. ↑ Jeff Grubb (July 1987). Manual of the Planes 1st edition. (TSR), p. 88. ISBN 0880383992.
  58. ↑ Richard Baker, James Wyatt (March 2004). Player's Guide to Faerûn. (Wizards of the Coast), pp. 144–146. ISBN 0-7869-3134-5.
  59. ↑ Colin McComb, Dori Hein (February 1995). “Monstrous Supplement”. In Dori Hein ed. Planes of Law (TSR, Inc), pp. 4–5. ISBN 0786900938.
  60. ↑ Jeff Grubb (July 1987). Manual of the Planes 1st edition. (TSR), p. 90. ISBN 0880383992.
  61. ↑ Ed Greenwood (2021-06-25). Afterlife (Tweet). theedverse. Twitter. Archived from the original on 2023-03-24. Retrieved on 2023-03-24.
  62. ↑ Monte Cook (1996). The Planewalker's Handbook. Edited by Michele Carter. (TSR), p. 8. ISBN 978-0786904600.
  63. ↑ Christopher Perkins (April 1999). Warriors of Heaven. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 7. ISBN 0-7869-1361-4.
  64. ↑ Eric L. Boyd (November 1998). Demihuman Deities. Edited by Julia Martin. (TSR, Inc.), pp. 125–126. ISBN 0-7869-1239-1.
  65. ↑ Rob Heinsoo, Logan Bonner, Robert J. Schwalb (September 2008). Forgotten Realms Player's Guide. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 21. ISBN 978-0-7869-4929-8.
  66. ↑ Richard Baker, James Jacobs, and Steve Winter (April 2005). Lords of Madness: The Book of Aberrations. (Wizards of the Coast), pp. 67–68. ISBN 0-7869-3657-6.
  67. ↑ Richard Baker, John Rogers, Robert J. Schwalb, James Wyatt (December 2008). Manual of the Planes 4th edition. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 60. ISBN 978-0-7869-5002-7.
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