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Sewer

Edit

Sewers, also known as sewer systems, were underground pipe or tunnel systems built beneath cities for the purpose of transporting away wastewater or "sewage" to somewhere else for disposal or treatment.[1][2][3] These were essential to most large civilized settlements, as not disposing of wastewater could create a breeding ground for diseases.[1][4]

“
Belike you keep a pot by your bedside and cast out the leavings into a communal pit of a morn... Many cities have dispensed with such simple methods of hygienic living, and instead the waste of inhabitants comingles and flows through great channels beneath the very streets.
”
— An excerpt from Lessons for Sensible Living IV: Cities and How to Survive Them.[5]

Construction[]

Sewers were often dug and constructed as cities were planned and built. In the case of rather older cities, sewers may have been excavated after their street layouts were already in place.[6]

Some cities sported sewers that were, in part, the repurposed structures of older cities they were built atop of. Such examples of this included the former city of Sarbreen beneath Ravens Bluff[7] and the former deep gnome city that Calimport stood atop of.[8]

The simplest form of sewer system consisted of various drains and grates—located in streets, alleyways, and some homes—that emptied directly into an underground river or cistern. The next step up from that were sewers consisting of stone halls, large enough to allow for maintenance, featuring clay or metal pipes. These could become rather mazelike and confusing to navigate.[1]

Functionality[]

Cities that stood close to rivers or tidal bodies of water often chose to design their sewers to operate on a tidal flushing system. This meant they utilized their nearby source of moving water, diverting it so as to flush local wastes away to elsewhere.[2][9][10] This was often the cheapest & easiest route for such cities to take, but it could cause problems for those downstream from them.[10]

In order to prevent severe clogs, many sewer systems installed screens across their channels to "catch" large debris, which would then be cleared and have their debris taken to the surface by city workers. Sometimes these screens had spikes jutting out, which served to both catch more debris and dissuade those illicitly traversing sewers from getting up close to the screens and tampering with them, such as with things like acid or files.[11]

When such screens were installed throughout much of a sewer, they had the effect—from the point of view of those who regularly traversed sewers—of dividing it into segments. With city crews working on particular segments and criminals finding them to be frustrating barriers to what would otherwise be an ideal covert highway.[11]

Bathrooms[]

In most cities in the Realms, buildings had indoor toilet rooms that connected to the sewers.[9] In the case of grand houses and castles, these toilets were known as garderobes. In most other cases, toilets were known by the less formal name of "jakes." Outdoor toilets were known variously as gloryhouses, thunder thrones, and privies.[12]

Those indoor rooms typically consisted of a toilet seat with a gravity drop pipe descending beneath it. Nearby would be a wiping cloth for users, to be washed for later use, as well as large jugs of water with which to wash and flush down waste. Waste would then be carried down the pipe to a wastewater cistern with a turn-the-balun connection to the sewers beneath.[9][note 1] Otherwise known as a "float valve," this innovation developed by Burlan Almaether made it so that if liquid levels in an enclosure ever reached a certain point, the flow of water would be shut off,[13] thus protecting cellars from sewers backing up.[9]

Typically, outdoor privies in the Realms did not connect to the sewers, but in certain cities a direct connection was oftentimes the case.[14]

Hazards[]

“
AH! The smell of adventure, in the very heart of the city!
”
— Minsc[5]

Sewers often had a strong stench within them,[3][15][16] making it difficult for many creatures to smell much of anything,[3] potentially even causing nausea.[1] Though those who made a living in sewers eventually became accustomed to it.[17] Beyond mere smell, sewers often incubated various illnesses, referred to broadly as "sewer plagues."[18] One particular disease being filth fever.[19]

In areas where there was poor ventilation, pockets of methane gas were likely to form from the waste in sewers.[3]

Prevalence of Sewers in the Realms[]

Sewer Nemesis CLB

Venturing into a sewer was often a bad idea for the unprepared.

All of the cities on the continent of Faerûn that were noted as having sewers were as follows:

Alaghôn,[20] Alamontyr,[21] Ankhapur,[22] Archenbridge,[23] Athkatla,[24] Berdusk,[25] Bezantur,[26] Blackbarn,[27] Calaunt,[28] Calimport,[22] Dagger Falls,[29] Daggerford,[30] Elturel, Elversult,[10] Helm's Hold,[31] Hlondeth,[32] Innarlith, Ithmong,[22] Luskan,[33] Iriaebor,[34] Memnon,[35] Mintarn,[36] Neverwinter,[31] Nonthal,[10] Oparl,[37][38] Ormath,[39] Phlan,[40] Phoenix,[41] Ravens Bluff,[42] Riatavin, Saradush,[10] Sarbreen,[43] Saelmur,[44] Saerloon, Scornubel, Selgaunt,[45] Schamedar,[46] Shoonach,[47] Silverymoon's Northbank district,[48] Skuld,[49] Soorenar,[50] Suzail,[51] Tantras,[52] Thentia,[53] Tilverton,[54] Urmlaspyr,[55] Waterdeep,[56] Westgate,[57] Yhep,[58] Zhentil Keep.[59]

In the land of Zakhara, the city of Huzuz was known to have a sewer.[60] On the continent of Laerakond, the cities of Harglast[61] and Tarmalune had sewers.[62] And though not a city, the fortress of Candlekeep also had a sewer.[63]

“
Drow would not tolerate rivers of waste flowing so close to their residences.
”
— Minthara, a drow from Menzoberranzan, commenting on the concept of sewers.[5]


Some drow communities in the Underdark were known to have sewers, but these were never large or extensive and their waste always flowed directly to fungus beds, which in turn fed upon the sewage.[64] The subterranean city of Skullport also sported an extensive system of sewers, originally constructed by the Netherese as part of the Sargauth Enclave.[65] Beyond Toril itself, sewers could be found on a number of worlds, including Eberron and Oerth.[66]

Most Notable Sewers[]

History[]

General History

Over the course of Toril's history, sewer systems were developed for various settlements by dwarves, halflings, and in rarer cases enterprising humans and elves. But over the course of centuries it was rock gnomes, more than any other race, who became specialized in designing, repairing, and perfecting the sewer systems of large mixed-population cities. Though the average human citizen was likely unaware of the gnomish oversight involved in their sewers.[10]

Specific History

The existence of sewers on Toril dated as far back as the city of Memnonnar, which was established by the Great Pasha Memnon in approximately −6800 DR.[67][note 2]

Centuries later, sewers were constructed in southeast Faerûn in the cities of Medinat Muskawoon[68] and Phoenix[69] as well as in northwest Faerûn by the elven kingdom of Earlann, within such cities as Ascalhorn[70] and Myth Glaurach,[71] followed by the Netherese Empire.[72]

In the millennia since Memnonnar was founded, sewers continued to be constructed for cities within the Lands of Intrigue,[73] often repurposing the ruined cities of the dwarven kingdom High Shanatar.[74] In the years leading up to the Eye Tyrant Wars, beholders established cults within many of these sewers, planning to one day have their forces pour out and conquer the cities when they had grown strong enough.[73]

During the time of the Shoon Imperium, most of the cities in the Lands of Intrigue that were under its rule possessed sewers, including its capital Shoonach. When Strohm I led an assault on the city in the Year of Killing Ice, 449 DR, he had many of his forces enter Shoonach through its sewers.[75]

In the Year of Wild Magic, 1372 DR,[76] a period known as the Silence of Lolth caused such an upset in drow society that many fled to either the Upperdark or Lowerdark. Those who fled to the latter depths displaced the rylkar, a rat-like species known to only a few Underdark experts. Forced into moving to higher subterranean depths, the rylkar began infesting sewers across the Interior and Western reaches of Faerûn, being reported in such places as Waterdeep and the kingdom of Cormyr. Posing a significant threat, adventurers across the land banded together to eradicate the infections. However, the rylkar proved to be quite adaptable, continuing to seemingly build colonies just as few as they were destroyed.[77]

Inhabitants[]

WaterdeepSewerWalkways

Dangerous beasts lurk in the sewers...

“
A breeding ground for mucky creatures.
”
— Another excerpt from Lessons for Sensible Living IV: Cities and How to Survive Them.[5]

Much of the wildlife in cities were relegated to sewers, wherein they were likely to become exposed to various illnesses[78] and sometimes become transmitters of them.[18] The creatures that were most often found to be lairing within sewers on Toril included chuuls,[79] the extaminaars,[80] meazels,[81] giant crocodiles, various varieties of oozes,[6] most notably cesspit oozes,[82] rylkars,[77] water cats,[83] yuan-ti,[84] and potentially weasels.[24][85][note 3] But most of all rats and giant rats.[3] The sewers of Zhentil Keep even had their own unique strain of rat.[59]

Giant crocodile 3e

...just waiting to strike!

The sewers of some of Faerûn's most ancient cities, such as that of Skuld, were haunted by ephemeral swarms.[49] And in addition to animals and monsters, the moist, dark environment of sewers made them an excellent space for fungi to grow.[3]

When it came to the humanoids that inhabited cities, the destitute and criminal elements of society were likely to hide in the sewers, hide the bodies of their victims, or make a home for themselves.[3] Beggars often knew how to navigate sewers.[86] And criminal elements such as outlaws,[87] smugglers, thieves, and outcasts often hid within sewers of the cities.[6] In some cases even building their own societies.[3][6] Sewers were also popular hiding spots for cults to outlawed deities,[3] such as Moander.[88]

Organizations[]

“
A perfect sanctum for rats, the literal and metaphorical sort.
”
— Lae'zel[5]
Sewer Crawl

A trio of adventurers traverse the sewers, clearly unsettled by the smells down there.

  • Sometimes city officials hired adventurers,[6][14] mage guilds, or wizards-for-hire to clear out or deal with monsters in their sewers.[14]
  • All across Toril, city sewers were often utilized by great thieves' guilds.[89]
  • The three largest rock gnome clans known for their expertise in sewers were the Barbellows, the Narlens, and the Thallows.[10]
  • The Church of Gond's techsmiths were known to build small golems tasked with taking care of unsightly municipal duties, such as caring for large sewer systems.[90]
  • In urban areas, the Church of Malar sometimes held holy hunts within sewers.[91]
  • The Church of Moander often constructed temporary shrines to him within sewers, as well as temples out of forgotten areas of sewers.[88]
  • Many clerics of the Church of Shaundakul sold accurate-as-possible maps of short underground routes, such as sewer systems.[92]
  • The Church of Silvanus's clerics, in the Vilhon Reach region, often provided magical support free of charge to the cities in which they resided. This included keeping their waters clean and the sewers as free of disease as possible.[39]
  • The Church of Talona's underground temples were often built atop of stinking, overflowing sewers.[93]
  • The watchmen of any city were likely to patrol their sewers, but rarely for any extended period of time.[3] Such examples included the City Watch, and later the City Guard, of Waterdeep[56] and the City Watch of Ravens Bluff, which had a dedicated branch known as the Sewer Brigade.[94]

Trivia[]

  • Mayors often owned maps of their city's sewers.[95]
  • The divine realm of the demigod Raxivort was known as the Black Sewers.[96]
  • Derisive terms derived from negative connotations with these sanitation systems included "sewer scum"[97] and "sewer rat".[98]

Appendix[]

Notes[]

  1. ↑ Comparing this to real world plumbing, a "turn-the-balun" connection means that if water ever rose up the pipe, it would activate a floater connected to the lid, which in turn would push the lid closed.
  2. ↑ Dates are approximations based on the arrival and binding of Memnon.
  3. ↑ In the Baldur's Gate series of games, one of the interactions that can occur between companions Edwin and Minsc is the former asking derisively what species of rodent Boo is, naming such possibilities as wharf rats, voles, and "Perhaps the sewer-dwelling city weasel?" It's uncertain whether this last line is meant to be taken as a joke or a factual statement that weasels can be found in the sewers of the Sword Coast.

See Also[]

  • Nightsoil wagon

Appearances[]

Adventures

Desert of Desolation • Curse of the Azure Bonds

Novels & Short Stories

Crypt of the Shadowking • King Pinch • The Mage in the Iron Mask • Blackstaff Tower

Comics

Advanced Dungeons & Dragons (comic series) (#11)

Video Games

Curse of the Azure Bonds • Hillsfar • Eye of the Beholder • Baldur's Gate series (Baldur's Gate • II: Shadows of Amn • Enhanced Edition • II: Enhanced Edition • Baldur's Gate III) • Neverwinter Nights series (Darkness over Daggerford) • Neverwinter • Arena of War • Blood in Baldur's Gate

Organized Play & Licensed Adventures

The Scroll Thief • Foulness Beneath Mulmaster

External Links[]

References[]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Ari Marmell, C.A. Suleiman (November 2006). Cityscape. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 29. ISBN 0-7869-3939-7.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Ed Greenwood (2017-07-31). Sewer Technology (Tweet). theedverse. Twitter. Archived from the original on 2021-07-27. Retrieved on 2021-07-27.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 Chris DeKalh and Jacob Steinmann (December 2004). “Down the Drain”. In Matthew Sernett ed. Dragon #326 (Paizo Publishing, LLC), p. 53.
  4. ↑ Ari Marmell, C.A. Suleiman (November 2006). Cityscape. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 112. ISBN 0-7869-3939-7.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Larian Studios (October 2020). Designed by Swen Vincke, et al. Baldur's Gate III. Larian Studios.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Jean Rabe (1989). Cities of Mystery. Edited by Kim Mohan. (TSR, Inc), p. 42. ISBN 0-88038-744-0.
  7. ↑ Ed Greenwood, Sean K. Reynolds, Skip Williams, Rob Heinsoo (June 2001). Forgotten Realms Campaign Setting 3rd edition. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 296. ISBN 0-7869-1836-5.
  8. ↑ Ed Greenwood (March 2000). “The New Adventures of Volo: Hin Nobody Knows”. In Dave Gross ed. Dragon #269 (Wizards of the Coast), p. 87.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Ed Greenwood (2020-04-12). Sanitation in the Realms (Tweet). theedverse. Twitter. Archived from the original on 2020-04-12. Retrieved on 2021-07-26.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Ed Greenwood (2013-11-12). Lord of the Sewers. Forging the Realms. Wizards of the Coast. Archived from the original on 2017-01-21. Retrieved on 2017-08-27.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Ed Greenwood (2021-07-27). Sewer Screens (Tweet). theedverse. Twitter. Archived from the original on 2021-07-28. Retrieved on 2021-07-28.
  12. ↑ Ed Greenwood (October 2012). Ed Greenwood Presents Elminster's Forgotten Realms. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 78. ISBN 0786960345.
  13. ↑ Ed Greenwood (July 1995). Volo's Guide to Cormyr. Edited by Julia Martin. (TSR, Inc.), p. 200. ISBN 0-7869-0151-9.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Ed Greenwood, The Hooded One (2006-01-25). Questions for Ed Greenwood (2006). Candlekeep Forum. Retrieved on 2023-07-02.
  15. ↑ Jeremy Crawford, Christopher Perkins, James Wyatt (December 2014). Dungeon Master's Guide 5th edition. Edited by Scott Fitzgerald Gray, et al. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 112. ISBN 978-0-7869-6562-5.
  16. ↑ Bret Beny, Mike Breault, James M. Ward, & Steve Winter (1989). Hillsfar: Clue Book. (Strategic Simulations, Inc.), pp. 16–17.
  17. ↑ Christopher Perkins, James Haeck, James Introcaso, Adam Lee, Matthew Sernett (September 2018). Waterdeep: Dragon Heist. Edited by Jeremy Crawford. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 85. ISBN 978-0-7869-6625-7.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Jeremy Crawford, Christopher Perkins, James Wyatt (December 2014). Dungeon Master's Guide 5th edition. Edited by Scott Fitzgerald Gray, et al. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 257. ISBN 978-0-7869-6562-5.
  19. ↑ Monte Cook, Jonathan Tweet, Skip Williams (July 2003). Dungeon Master's Guide v.3.5. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 292. ISBN 0-7869-2889-1.
  20. ↑ Ed Greenwood (January 1995). “Elminster's Everwinking Eye: A Treasure Tour of Turmish”. In Jean Rabe ed. Polyhedron #103 (TSR, Inc.), p. 25.
  21. ↑ Ed Greenwood (August 1995). “Elminster's Everwinking Eye: Our Tour of the Border Kingdom Continues”. In Duane Maxwell ed. Polyhedron #110 (TSR, Inc.), p. 7.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Steven E. Schend, Dale Donovan (September 1998). Empires of the Shining Sea. Edited by Julia Martin. (TSR, Inc.), pp. 27–28. ISBN 0-7869-1237-5.
  23. ↑ Ed Greenwood (January 1996). Volo's Guide to the Dalelands. (TSR, Inc), p. 21. ISBN 0-7869-0406-2.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 BioWare (September 2000). Designed by James Ohlen, Kevin Martens. Baldur's Gate II: Shadows of Amn. Black Isle Studios.
  25. ↑ Jeff Grubb and Ed Greenwood (1990). Forgotten Realms Adventures. (TSR, Inc), p. 78. ISBN 0-8803-8828-5.
  26. ↑ Anthony Pryor (June 1995). “Campaign Guide”. In Michele Carter, Doug Stewart eds. Spellbound (TSR, Inc.), p. 25. ISBN 978-0786901395.
  27. ↑ Ed Greenwood (February 1996). “Elminster's Everwinking Eye: The Border Kingdoms: Blackbarn and Bloutar”. In Duane Maxwell ed. Polyhedron #116 (TSR, Inc.), p. 10.
  28. ↑ Jeff Grubb and Ed Greenwood (1990). Forgotten Realms Adventures. (TSR, Inc), p. 80. ISBN 0-8803-8828-5.
  29. ↑ Ed Greenwood (January 1996). Volo's Guide to the Dalelands. (TSR, Inc), p. 89. ISBN 0-7869-0406-2.
  30. ↑ Ossian Studios (June 2018). Neverwinter Nights: Darkness over Daggerford. Beamdog.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Cryptic Studios (June 2013). Neverwinter. Perfect World Entertainment.
  32. ↑ Jim Butler (1996). The Vilhon Reach (Dungeon Master's Guide). (TSR, Inc), pp. 9–10. ISBN 0-7869-0400-3.
  33. ↑ slade, et al. (April 1996). “Cities & Civilization”. In James Butler ed. The North: Guide to the Savage Frontier (TSR, Inc.), pp. 22–24. ISBN 0-7869-0391-0.
  34. ↑ Mark Anthony (1993). Crypt of the Shadowking. (TSR, Inc.). ISBN 1-56076-594-1.
  35. ↑ slade, et al. (April 1996). “The Wilderness”. In James Butler ed. The North: Guide to the Savage Frontier (TSR, Inc.), p. 73. ISBN 0-7869-0391-0.
  36. ↑ Dale Donovan (2003-08-06). “Portals Under the Black Gauntlet”. Perilous Gateways. Wizards of the Coast. Archived from the original on 2004-06-19. Retrieved on 2018-12-05.
  37. ↑ Ed Greenwood, Eric L. Boyd (March 2006). Power of Faerûn. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 136. ISBN 0-7869-3910-9.
  38. ↑ Ed Greenwood (October 2000). “Elminster's Everwinking Eye: A Wayfarers Guide to the Forgotten Realms”. In Erik Mona ed. Polyhedron #144 (Wizards of the Coast), p. 18.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Jim Butler (1996). The Vilhon Reach (Dungeon Master's Guide). (TSR, Inc), p. 17. ISBN 0-7869-0400-3.
  40. ↑ Daniel Helmick (2014-08-29). The Scroll Thief (DDEX1-6) (PDF). D&D Adventurers League: Tyranny of Dragons (Wizards of the Coast), p. 19.
  41. ↑ Tracy Hickman, Laura Hickman, Philip Meyers, Peter Rice, William John Wheeler (May 1987). Desert of Desolation. (TSR, Inc.), p. 93. ISBN 978-0880383974.
  42. ↑ Ed Greenwood (October 1998). The City of Ravens Bluff. Edited by John D. Rateliff. (TSR, Inc.), p. 3. ISBN 0-7869-1195-6.
  43. ↑ Ed Greenwood (February 1992). “The Everwinking Eye: Goodbye, Mulmaster”. In Jean Rabe ed. Polyhedron #68 (TSR, Inc.), p. 28.
  44. ↑ Steven E. Schend, Dale Donovan (September 1998). Empires of the Shining Sea. Edited by Julia Martin. (TSR, Inc.), p. 157. ISBN 0-7869-1237-5.
  45. ↑ Jeff Grubb and Ed Greenwood (1990). Forgotten Realms Adventures. (TSR, Inc), pp. 101–102, 104. ISBN 0-8803-8828-5.
  46. ↑ Ed Greenwood, Julia Martin, Jeff Grubb (1993). Forgotten Realms Campaign Setting 2nd edition (revised), Running the Realms. (TSR, Inc), pp. 21–24. ISBN 1-5607-6617-4.
  47. ↑ Steven E. Schend (August 1997). “Book One: Tethyr”. In Roger E. Moore ed. Lands of Intrigue (TSR, Inc.), p. 81. ISBN 0-7869-0697-9.
  48. ↑ Ed Greenwood (2020-04-12). Sewers of Silverymoon (Tweet). theedverse. Twitter. Archived from the original on 2020-04-13. Retrieved on 2021-07-26.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Andrew Finch, Gwendolyn Kestrel, Chris Perkins (August 2004). Monster Manual III. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 50. ISBN 0-7869-3430-1.
  50. ↑ Scott Bennie (February 1990). Old Empires. Edited by Mike Breault. (TSR, Inc.), p. 60. ISBN 978-0880388214.
  51. ↑ Ed Greenwood (July 1995). Volo's Guide to Cormyr. Edited by Julia Martin. (TSR, Inc.), p. 20. ISBN 0-7869-0151-9.
  52. ↑ Ed Greenwood, The Hooded One (2004-12-01). Questions for Ed Greenwood (2004). Candlekeep Forum. Retrieved on 2021-07-28.
  53. ↑ Ed Greenwood, Julia Martin, Jeff Grubb (1993). Forgotten Realms Campaign Setting 2nd edition (revised), Running the Realms. (TSR, Inc), p. 60. ISBN 1-5607-6617-4.
  54. ↑ Jeff Grubb and Ed Greenwood (1990). Forgotten Realms Adventures. (TSR, Inc), pp. 112–113. ISBN 0-8803-8828-5.
  55. ↑ Jeff Grubb and Ed Greenwood (1990). Forgotten Realms Adventures. (TSR, Inc), p. 115. ISBN 0-8803-8828-5.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Ed Greenwood (2005-07-27). The City Watch of Waterdeep, Part Two. Realmslore. Wizards of the Coast. Archived from the original on 2016-11-01. Retrieved on 2021-05-29.
  57. ↑ Jeff Grubb and Ed Greenwood (1990). Forgotten Realms Adventures. (TSR, Inc), p. 117. ISBN 0-8803-8828-5.
  58. ↑ Steven E. Schend, Dale Donovan (September 1998). Empires of the Shining Sea. Edited by Julia Martin. (TSR, Inc.), p. 170. ISBN 0-7869-1237-5.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Kevin Melka, John Terra (March 1995). “Monstrous Compendium”. In Julia Martin ed. Ruins of Zhentil Keep (TSR, Inc.). ISBN 0-7869-0109-8.
  60. ↑ Tim Beach, Tom Prusa and Steve Kurtz (1993). “Golden Huzuz”. City of Delights (TSR, Inc), p. 71. ISBN 1-56076-589-5.
  61. ↑ Chris Tulach (June 2009). “Adventurers of the Realms: Tarmalune and the Windrise Ports”. In Chris Youngs ed. Dragon #376 (Wizards of the Coast), p. 48.
  62. ↑ Ed Greenwood (February 2009). “Backdrop: Tarmalune”. In Chris Youngs ed. Dragon #372 (Wizards of the Coast), p. 47.
  63. ↑ Ed Greenwood (June 2014). The Herald. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 48. ISBN 978-0786964604.
  64. ↑ Ed Greenwood, The Hooded One (2011-09-07). Questions for Ed Greenwood (2011). Candlekeep Forum. Retrieved on 2021-07-28.
  65. ↑ Joseph C. Wolf (1999). Skullport. (TSR, Inc), p. 67. ISBN 0-7869-1348-7.
  66. ↑ Robert Wiese (2007-08-24). Steal This Hook!: "Under Siege". Wizards of the Coast. Archived from the original on 2009-06-03.
  67. ↑ Steven E. Schend, Dale Donovan (September 1998). Empires of the Shining Sea. Edited by Julia Martin. (TSR, Inc.), p. 80. ISBN 0-7869-1237-5.
  68. ↑ Tracy Hickman, Laura Hickman, Philip Meyers, Peter Rice, William John Wheeler (May 1987). Desert of Desolation. (TSR, Inc.), pp. 102–103, 105. ISBN 978-0880383974.
  69. ↑ Tracy Hickman, Laura Hickman, Philip Meyers, Peter Rice, William John Wheeler (May 1987). Desert of Desolation. (TSR, Inc.), pp. 92–93. ISBN 978-0880383974.
  70. ↑ Steven E. Schend (March 1998). Hellgate Keep. (TSR, Inc), pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-0786907861.
  71. ↑ Sean K. Reynolds, Duane Maxwell, Angel McCoy (August 2001). Magic of Faerûn. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 47. ISBN 0-7869-1964-7.
  72. ↑ slade, Jim Butler (October 1996). “The Winds of Netheril”. In Jim Butler ed. Netheril: Empire of Magic (TSR, Inc.), p. 101. ISBN 0-7869-0437-2.
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Steven E. Schend, Dale Donovan (September 1998). Empires of the Shining Sea. Edited by Julia Martin. (TSR, Inc.), p. 170. ISBN 0-7869-1237-5.
  74. ↑ Steven E. Schend, Dale Donovan (September 1998). Empires of the Shining Sea. Edited by Julia Martin. (TSR, Inc.), p. 14. ISBN 0-7869-1237-5.
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  79. ↑ Logan, Bonner (2011-07-26). Monster Manual Update: Chuul. Monster Manual Updates. Wizards of the Coast. Retrieved on 2013-10-11.
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  83. ↑ John Baichtal (August 1997). “The Dragon's Bestiary: Spawn of the Sewers”. In Dave Gross ed. Dragon #238 (TSR, Inc.), p. 72.
  84. ↑ Reynolds, Forbeck, Jacobs, Boyd (March 2003). Races of Faerûn. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 152. ISBN 0-7869-2875-1.
  85. ↑ BioWare (December 1998). Designed by James Ohlen. Baldur's Gate. Black Isle Studios.
  86. ↑ Roger E. Moore (January 1999). Demihumans of the Realms. (TSR, Inc.), p. 31. ISBN 0-7869-1316-9.
  87. ↑ Ed Greenwood, Eric L. Boyd (March 2006). Power of Faerûn. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 114. ISBN 0-7869-3910-9.
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 Julia Martin, Eric L. Boyd (March 1996). Faiths & Avatars. (TSR, Inc.), p. 121. ISBN 978-0786903849.
  89. ↑ Robert Wiese (2007-04-20). Steal This Hook!: "Evil Hooks for Evil Characters". Wizards of the Coast. Archived from the original on 2008-02-28.
  90. ↑ Eric L. Boyd, Erik Mona (May 2002). Faiths and Pantheons. Edited by Gwendolyn F.M. Kestrel, et al. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 206. ISBN 0-7869-2759-3.
  91. ↑ Ed Greenwood (October 2012). Ed Greenwood Presents Elminster's Forgotten Realms. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 19. ISBN 0786960345.
  92. ↑ Ed Greenwood (October 2012). Ed Greenwood Presents Elminster's Forgotten Realms. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 164. ISBN 0786960345.
  93. ↑ Julia Martin, Eric L. Boyd (March 1996). Faiths & Avatars. (TSR, Inc.), p. 153. ISBN 978-0786903849.
  94. ↑ Ed Greenwood (October 1998). The City of Ravens Bluff. Edited by John D. Rateliff. (TSR, Inc.), pp. 69–70. ISBN 0-7869-1195-6.
  95. ↑ Ed Greenwood (October 2012). Ed Greenwood Presents Elminster's Forgotten Realms. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 153. ISBN 0786960345.
  96. ↑ Mike Mearls, et al. (November 2016). Volo's Guide to Monsters. Edited by Jeremy Crawford, et al. (Wizards of the Coast), p. 199. ISBN 978-0786966011.
  97. ↑ David Cook (May 1995). King Pinch. (TSR, Inc.), chap. 18, p. ?. ISBN 0-7869-0127-6.
  98. ↑ David Cook (May 1995). King Pinch. (TSR, Inc.), chap. 1, p. ?. ISBN 0-7869-0127-6.
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